Here is a list of topics that are remarkably useful in LaTeX, but are too advanced to teach new people in the days I have allotted.
- Automatic theorem/page/etc number references with the
\labeland\refcommands - Advanced e-books with clickable links using the
hyperrefpackage - Indexing with the
makeidxpackage - Flow Control (Conditionals and loops) using ifthen and pgf's foreach command.
- PGF/TikZ in-document figure drawing (the fairly complete Official Manual is a good resource.)
This on its own is enough to fill a whole course. Some suggested exercises:
- Commutative diagrams
- Graphs/digraphs
- Network Flow
- Geometry example (e.g. finding the centroid of a triangle)
- Anything on http://www.texample.net/tikz/examples/
- Drawing commutative diagrams quickly with the tikz-cd environment
- Graphing in the document with pgfplots
- Creating beamer themes
- Creating local packages (to store your newcommands and includepackages)
- Creating LaTeX classes to control formatting
- Embedding python or sage (or a language of your choice) within